Market intelligence/Africa/Report available

Madagascar.

EVS Madagascar EV Service Centre Market Entry

Decision-grade market-entry report for an EVS service-centre model in Madagascar.

Active plug-in stock

—

No authoritative active passenger/light-commercial plug-in stock series.

Public connectors

—

No verified commissioned public passenger-EV connector census.

Gate jobs

113

EVS annual gate SAM; not a market estimate.

Base payback

12.308

Base simple payback on reversible capex.

01/The verdict in full

Executive summary

A standalone centre is not supported. An Antananarivo/Analamanga partner clinic remains conditional on evidence and power gates.

Market headline

Null values are deliberate evidence gaps, not zeros.

Market headline

Metric	Period	Value	Unit	Status
2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow	2023	14,253	vehicles	4,606 new plus 9,647 other vehicles; secondary report of official Customs dashboard, not active stock [vehicle_imports_2023].
Passenger/LCV BEV sales	Current	—	vehicles	Authoritative national series not located.
Passenger/LCV PHEV sales	Current	—	vehicles	Authoritative national series not located.
Active passenger/LCV BEV/PHEV stock	Current	—	vehicles	Authoritative national/Analamanga series not located.
Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors	Current	—	connectors	Operator/regulator inventory not located.
Executable SOM	Pre-gate	0	jobs/year	Hard-controlled to zero until all launch gates pass [evs_model].

2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow

Period: 2023
Value: 14,253
Unit: vehicles
Status: 4,606 new plus 9,647 other vehicles; secondary report of official Customs dashboard, not active stock [vehicle_imports_2023].

Passenger/LCV BEV sales

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: vehicles
Status: Authoritative national series not located.

Passenger/LCV PHEV sales

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: vehicles
Status: Authoritative national series not located.

Active passenger/LCV BEV/PHEV stock

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: vehicles
Status: Authoritative national/Analamanga series not located.

Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: connectors
Status: Operator/regulator inventory not located.

Executable SOM

Period: Pre-gate
Value: 0
Unit: jobs/year
Status: Hard-controlled to zero until all launch gates pass [evs_model].

Market size and all-powertrain context

Customs flow provides a bounded planning denominator, not active plug-in stock.

Market size and all-powertrain context

Measure	Value	Unit	Date	Definition
New vehicles released for consumption	4,606	vehicles	2023	All powertrains; customs flow [vehicle_imports_2023].
Other vehicles released for consumption	9,647	vehicles	2023	All powertrains; class/used definition requires Customs clarification [vehicle_imports_2023].
Combined 2023 customs-release flow	14,253	vehicles	2023	Planning denominator only; not registrations or active parc [vehicle_imports_2023].
Combined 2022 comparison flow	11,792	vehicles	2022	4,994 new plus 6,798 other vehicles [vehicle_imports_2023].
Reported real GDP growth	4.2	%	2024 estimate	IMF macro context, not EV demand [imf_review].
Projected real GDP growth	4.6	%	2025 forecast	IMF February 2025 vintage; downside risks apply [imf_review].

New vehicles released for consumption

Value: 4,606
Unit: vehicles
Date: 2023
Definition: All powertrains; customs flow [vehicle_imports_2023].

Other vehicles released for consumption

Value: 9,647
Unit: vehicles
Date: 2023
Definition: All powertrains; class/used definition requires Customs clarification [vehicle_imports_2023].

Combined 2023 customs-release flow

Value: 14,253
Unit: vehicles
Date: 2023
Definition: Planning denominator only; not registrations or active parc [vehicle_imports_2023].

Combined 2022 comparison flow

Value: 11,792
Unit: vehicles
Date: 2022
Definition: 4,994 new plus 6,798 other vehicles [vehicle_imports_2023].

Reported real GDP growth

Value: 4.2
Unit: %
Date: 2024 estimate
Definition: IMF macro context, not EV demand [imf_review].

Projected real GDP growth

Value: 4.6
Unit: %
Date: 2025 forecast
Definition: IMF February 2025 vintage; downside risks apply [imf_review].

BEV/PHEV adoption history

Historical all-powertrain registrations and commercial signals do not form a national plug-in series.

BEV/PHEV adoption history

Period	Geography	All Powertrain Registrations	Plug In Sales	Evidence
2019 Q3	Antananarivo	3,185	—	INSTAT; 41.1% passenger cars [instat_q3_2019].
2019 Q4	Antananarivo	2,300	—	INSTAT; 63.8% new [instat_q4_2019].
2020 Q3	Antananarivo	1,463	—	INSTAT; 83% new and 15% used [instat_q3_2020].
2020 Q4	Antananarivo	4,432	—	INSTAT; pandemic-processing caveat [instat_q4_2020].
2023	National customs	—	—	14,253 customs releases; not registrations and no propulsion split [vehicle_imports_2023].
2024-10	Antananarivo	—	—	Official BYD/LOXEA launch, no volume [cfao_byd].
2025-09	Antananarivo taxis	—	15	One-month importer claim in secondary media; not official national registrations or active stock [motor_show_2025].

2019 Q3

Geography: Antananarivo
All Powertrain Registrations: 3,185
Plug In Sales: —
Evidence: INSTAT; 41.1% passenger cars [instat_q3_2019].

2019 Q4

Geography: Antananarivo
All Powertrain Registrations: 2,300
Plug In Sales: —
Evidence: INSTAT; 63.8% new [instat_q4_2019].

2020 Q3

Geography: Antananarivo
All Powertrain Registrations: 1,463
Plug In Sales: —
Evidence: INSTAT; 83% new and 15% used [instat_q3_2020].

2020 Q4

Geography: Antananarivo
All Powertrain Registrations: 4,432
Plug In Sales: —
Evidence: INSTAT; pandemic-processing caveat [instat_q4_2020].

2023

Geography: National customs
All Powertrain Registrations: —
Plug In Sales: —
Evidence: 14,253 customs releases; not registrations and no propulsion split [vehicle_imports_2023].

2024-10

Geography: Antananarivo
All Powertrain Registrations: —
Plug In Sales: —
Evidence: Official BYD/LOXEA launch, no volume [cfao_byd].

2025-09

Geography: Antananarivo taxis
All Powertrain Registrations: —
Plug In Sales: 15
Evidence: One-month importer claim in secondary media; not official national registrations or active stock [motor_show_2025].

Definition reconciliation

Customs releases, registrations, active stock, brand launches and charging claims remain separate.

Definition reconciliation

Term	Use	Not Equivalent To
Customs release	Import-flow context	Registration, active parc, passenger/LCV, plug-in or serviceable vehicle.
New / other vehicle	Customs categories as reported	BEV/PHEV/HEV or verified used-age class.
Brand launch	Availability and incumbent capability	Sale, registered vehicle or active stock [cfao_byd].
Fifteen taxi EVs	Directional commercial signal	Audited national sales, active taxi fleet or BYD volume [motor_show_2025].
Fuel station	Potential site/partner lead	Commissioned charger [fuel_stations].
Announced/deployed charging	Audit lead	Verified site, connector, power, access or uptime [cfao_byd][motor_show_2025][jovena].

Customs release

Use: Import-flow context
Not Equivalent To: Registration, active parc, passenger/LCV, plug-in or serviceable vehicle.

New / other vehicle

Use: Customs categories as reported
Not Equivalent To: BEV/PHEV/HEV or verified used-age class.

Brand launch

Use: Availability and incumbent capability
Not Equivalent To: Sale, registered vehicle or active stock [cfao_byd].

Fifteen taxi EVs

Use: Directional commercial signal
Not Equivalent To: Audited national sales, active taxi fleet or BYD volume [motor_show_2025].

Fuel station

Use: Potential site/partner lead
Not Equivalent To: Commissioned charger [fuel_stations].

Announced/deployed charging

Use: Audit lead
Not Equivalent To: Verified site, connector, power, access or uptime [cfao_byd][motor_show_2025][jovena].

Cautious / base / high 2030 sensitivities

These are EVS annual-import sensitivities, not official forecasts.

Cautious / base / high 2030 sensitivities

Scenario	Plug In Share Of Static 2023 Import Flow Pct	Modelled 2030 Annual Plug In Imports	Basis
Cautious	2	285	EVS sensitivity applied to the static 2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow of 14,253 new and other vehicles. Not an official forecast, registration series or active-stock estimate.
Base	5	713	EVS sensitivity applied to the static 2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow of 14,253 new and other vehicles. Not an official forecast, registration series or active-stock estimate.
High	10	1,425	EVS sensitivity applied to the static 2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow of 14,253 new and other vehicles. Not an official forecast, registration series or active-stock estimate.

Cautious

Plug In Share Of Static 2023 Import Flow Pct: 2
Modelled 2030 Annual Plug In Imports: 285
Basis: EVS sensitivity applied to the static 2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow of 14,253 new and other vehicles. Not an official forecast, registration series or active-stock estimate.

Base

Plug In Share Of Static 2023 Import Flow Pct: 5
Modelled 2030 Annual Plug In Imports: 713
Basis: EVS sensitivity applied to the static 2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow of 14,253 new and other vehicles. Not an official forecast, registration series or active-stock estimate.

High

Plug In Share Of Static 2023 Import Flow Pct: 10
Modelled 2030 Annual Plug In Imports: 1,425
Basis: EVS sensitivity applied to the static 2023 all-powertrain customs-release flow of 14,253 new and other vehicles. Not an official forecast, registration series or active-stock estimate.

Charging infrastructure

No auditable public site/connector inventory was located.

Charging infrastructure

Asset	Count	Status	Decision
National commissioned public passenger-EV sites/connectors	—	No authoritative operator/regulator census located.	Do not publish a count; physical and documentary audit.
LOXEA charger installation service	—	Officially offered with BYD vehicles [cfao_byd].	Potential referral/competitive capability, not public infrastructure.
JOVENA network	—	2024 reporting described future deployment; 2025 secondary media claimed a national deployment, but operator site lacks an auditable inventory [cfao_byd][motor_show_2025][jovena].	Treat as unverified until site list and commissioning evidence.
Fuel-station network	336	All-powertrain fuel distribution; secondary OMH report [fuel_stations].	Partner-location context only, never charger count.

National commissioned public passenger-EV sites/connectors

Count: —
Status: No authoritative operator/regulator census located.
Decision: Do not publish a count; physical and documentary audit.

LOXEA charger installation service

Count: —
Status: Officially offered with BYD vehicles [cfao_byd].
Decision: Potential referral/competitive capability, not public infrastructure.

JOVENA network

Count: —
Status: 2024 reporting described future deployment; 2025 secondary media claimed a national deployment, but operator site lacks an auditable inventory [cfao_byd][motor_show_2025][jovena].
Decision: Treat as unverified until site list and commissioning evidence.

Fuel-station network

Count: 336
Status: All-powertrain fuel distribution; secondary OMH report [fuel_stations].
Decision: Partner-location context only, never charger count.

Electricity and site readiness

National grid programmes do not establish workshop-quality supply.

Electricity and site readiness

Measure	Value	Unit	Date	Interpretation
Population connected to reliable electricity	36	%	2026 programme baseline	National constraint, not candidate-site evidence [worldbank_ascent].

Population connected to reliable electricity

Value: 36
Unit: %
Date: 2026 programme baseline
Interpretation: National constraint, not candidate-site evidence [worldbank_ascent].

4 more rows in the full report

Vehicle parc age and service demand

Current plug-in age evidence is missing, so service demand is gated.

Vehicle parc age and service demand

Indicator	Value	Service Implication	Unit
Vehicle-parc age distribution	—	Cannot quantify out-of-warranty EV pool; obtain registration/VIN age bands.	—
2020 Q3 Antananarivo used-registration share	15	Historical local used-flow signal only; not current plug-in age [instat_q3_2020].	%
2023 other/new customs-flow ratio	2.094	All-powertrain import mix suggests a repair-oriented parc, but category definition and propulsion are unresolved [vehicle_imports_2023].	ratio
OEM service bundle	—	CFAO/LOXEA already offers maintenance and parts; EVS should target independent/non-warranty tasks [cfao_byd].	—

Vehicle-parc age distribution

Value: —
Service Implication: Cannot quantify out-of-warranty EV pool; obtain registration/VIN age bands.
Unit: —

2020 Q3 Antananarivo used-registration share

Value: 15
Service Implication: Historical local used-flow signal only; not current plug-in age [instat_q3_2020].
Unit: %

2023 other/new customs-flow ratio

Value: 2.094
Service Implication: All-powertrain import mix suggests a repair-oriented parc, but category definition and propulsion are unresolved [vehicle_imports_2023].
Unit: ratio

OEM service bundle

Value: —
Service Implication: CFAO/LOXEA already offers maintenance and parts; EVS should target independent/non-warranty tasks [cfao_byd].
Unit: —

Transparent TAM / SAM / SOM

Sourced facts and EVS assumptions are explicitly separated.

Transparent TAM / SAM / SOM

Level	Value	Unit	Type	Formula
Current TAM	—	active passenger/LCV plug-ins	Sourced fact unavailable	Requires active BEV + PHEV registration/VIN extract.
Launch threshold	300	active plug-ins in Antananarivo/Analamanga	EVS decision gate	Board minimum; not market estimate [evs_model].
Active/available within gate	270	vehicles	EVS assumption	300 × 90% [evs_model].

Current TAM

Value: —
Unit: active passenger/LCV plug-ins
Type: Sourced fact unavailable
Formula: Requires active BEV + PHEV registration/VIN extract.

Launch threshold

Value: 300
Unit: active plug-ins in Antananarivo/Analamanga
Type: EVS decision gate
Formula: Board minimum; not market estimate [evs_model].

Active/available within gate

Value: 270
Unit: vehicles
Type: EVS assumption
Formula: 300 × 90% [evs_model].

4 more rows in the full report

Customer segments

Target only evidence-backed, supported vehicles and tasks.

Customer segments

Priority	Segment	Need	Validation
1	Antananarivo owner-drivers with independently imported EVs	Supported diagnostics, 12V, tyres/brakes/suspension, cooling/AC and pre-purchase evidence.	Matched VIN list and 20 paid/refundable bookings.
2	SMEs and professional users	Uptime, predictable pricing, mobile triage and evidence packs.	Paid fleet trial, not survey interest.
3	BYD customers outside warranty task scope	Transparent independent service and referrals.	Written OEM/warranty task matrix [cfao_byd].
4	Used/parallel-import plug-in buyers	Battery-health screening and parts-routing transparency.	Customs/registration VIN and age data.

Segment: Antananarivo owner-drivers with independently imported EVs
Need: Supported diagnostics, 12V, tyres/brakes/suspension, cooling/AC and pre-purchase evidence.
Validation: Matched VIN list and 20 paid/refundable bookings.

Segment: SMEs and professional users
Need: Uptime, predictable pricing, mobile triage and evidence packs.
Validation: Paid fleet trial, not survey interest.

Segment: BYD customers outside warranty task scope
Need: Transparent independent service and referrals.
Validation: Written OEM/warranty task matrix [cfao_byd].

Segment: Used/parallel-import plug-in buyers
Need: Battery-health screening and parts-routing transparency.
Validation: Customs/registration VIN and age data.

Fleet segments

Rental and taxi evidence are leads, not contracted demand.

Fleet segments

Segment	Evidence	Route
LOXEA rental/fleet	Official rental/purchase offer [cfao_byd].	Partnership or referral only; do not assume contract.
Taxi operators	Secondary importer claim of 15 EV taxi sales in one month [motor_show_2025].	Verify VINs, ownership, uptime pain and paid trial.
Corporate/NGO/government fleets	No verified plug-in fleet count.	Tender/roster scan and paid inspection day.
Logistics and port users	Transport/logistics investment context, no electric fleet count [worldbank_transport].	Toamasina second-wave interviews after Antananarivo proof.

LOXEA rental/fleet

Evidence: Official rental/purchase offer [cfao_byd].
Route: Partnership or referral only; do not assume contract.

Taxi operators

Evidence: Secondary importer claim of 15 EV taxi sales in one month [motor_show_2025].
Route: Verify VINs, ownership, uptime pain and paid trial.

Corporate/NGO/government fleets

Evidence: No verified plug-in fleet count.
Route: Tender/roster scan and paid inspection day.

Logistics and port users

Evidence: Transport/logistics investment context, no electric fleet count [worldbank_transport].
Route: Toamasina second-wave interviews after Antananarivo proof.

Leading EV brands and models

Availability is not sales or active stock.

Leading EV brands and models

Brand	Model	Vehicle Type	Evidence	Sales Or Stock
BYD	Official range not enumerated in controlling corporate release	Passenger BEV	Available for rent or purchase in Antananarivo [cfao_byd].	—
Other passenger BEVs	Unverified	Passenger BEV	Registry/dealer/import fieldwork required.	—
Passenger PHEVs	Unverified	Passenger PHEV	Customs notice covers electric-hybrid categories but does not prove market presence [customs_notice_pdf].	—
Nissan	Current local range reviewed	No verified current EV model on official market page	Presence check only [nissan_mg].	—

BYD

Model: Official range not enumerated in controlling corporate release
Vehicle Type: Passenger BEV
Evidence: Available for rent or purchase in Antananarivo [cfao_byd].
Sales Or Stock: —

Other passenger BEVs

Model: Unverified
Vehicle Type: Passenger BEV
Evidence: Registry/dealer/import fieldwork required.
Sales Or Stock: —

Passenger PHEVs

Model: Unverified
Vehicle Type: Passenger PHEV
Evidence: Customs notice covers electric-hybrid categories but does not prove market presence [customs_notice_pdf].
Sales Or Stock: —

Nissan

Model: Current local range reviewed
Vehicle Type: No verified current EV model on official market page
Evidence: Presence check only [nissan_mg].
Sales Or Stock: —

14In the full report

OEM and authorized competitors

CFAO/LOXEA is the evidenced four-wheel EV after-sales incumbent.

This section is in the full report.

15In the full report

Independent competitors

Counts and EV/HV capability require field audit.

This section is in the full report.

16In the full report

Priority cities and regions

Antananarivo/Analamanga is the only fixed pilot catchment.

This section is in the full report.

17In the full report

Consumer and vehicle incentives

The official new-EV exemption has an inspection and advance-classification process.

This section is in the full report.

18In the full report

Business and investment incentives

The capped pilot assumes no investment-code benefit.

This section is in the full report.

19In the full report

Tax snapshot

Professional summaries are indicative; written Madagascar advice controls.

This section is in the full report.

20In the full report

Entity, licensing and premises

All material approvals are pre-launch gates.

This section is in the full report.

22In the full report

High-voltage and workshop safety

International standards are benchmarks, not proof of national adoption.

This section is in the full report.

23In the full report

Battery, waste and transport

Traction-battery custody is out of launch scope.

This section is in the full report.

Data, consumer and warranty controls

Operate transparently as independent and protect VIN/customer/telemetry data.

Data, consumer and warranty controls

Area	Control	Gate
Personal data	Purpose, minimization, legal basis/consent, access, retention, security and vendor controls for VIN/customer/telemetry.	Law 2014-038 compliance file [data_law].
Prior formalities / DPO	Map declaration/authorization and DPO/registry requirements before processing.	Written CMIL/government route [data_law].
Cross-border diagnostic data	Map recipients and transfer safeguards before OEM/cloud upload.	Data-transfer determination [data_law].
Consumer status	Disclose independent status, quote, parts provenance, warranty, rework and dispute route.	Counsel-approved French/Malagasy terms.
OEM warranty	Do not represent EVS as BYD-authorized; refer warranty/recall work.	VIN/task/warranty matrix and referral script [cfao_byd].

Personal data

Control: Purpose, minimization, legal basis/consent, access, retention, security and vendor controls for VIN/customer/telemetry.
Gate: Law 2014-038 compliance file [data_law].

Prior formalities / DPO

Control: Map declaration/authorization and DPO/registry requirements before processing.
Gate: Written CMIL/government route [data_law].

Cross-border diagnostic data

Control: Map recipients and transfer safeguards before OEM/cloud upload.
Gate: Data-transfer determination [data_law].

Consumer status

Control: Disclose independent status, quote, parts provenance, warranty, rework and dispute route.
Gate: Counsel-approved French/Malagasy terms.

OEM warranty

Control: Do not represent EVS as BYD-authorized; refer warranty/recall work.
Gate: VIN/task/warranty matrix and referral script [cfao_byd].

25In the full report

Recommended service portfolio

Launch with non-invasive and cross-powertrain work.

This section is in the full report.

26In the full report

Operating model

Use one reversible partner bay with low inventory and measured power.

This section is in the full report.

27In the full report

Franchise pathway

Standalone conversion is deferred until evidence and payback gates pass.

This section is in the full report.

28In the full report

Pilot economics: annual steady state

All values are EVS assumptions in nominal MGA, VAT-exclusive and pre-tax.

This section is in the full report.

29In the full report

Pilot economics: 90 days

The base continuation case requires 20 paid jobs and positive EBITDA.

This section is in the full report.

30In the full report

Risks

Critical uncertainties are treated as gates rather than hidden inputs.

This section is in the full report.

Mitigations and stop rules

Reversible scope and explicit stops protect capital and safety.

Mitigations and stop rules

Trigger	Action	Owner
<300 matched active Analamanga plug-ins	Do not launch fixed service cell; continue monitoring only.	EVS board
No compliant waste recipient or fire/insurer sign-off	Exclude traction-battery custody and pack work.	Country lead / HV lead
Site power fails capacity/quality tests	Reject site or fund bounded remediation before tooling.	Engineer / board
Fewer than 20 paid jobs in 90 days	Stop or revert to mobile diagnostics only.	Pilot manager
Rework >5% or any HV/fire event	Pause service, investigate and retrain; board restart approval.	Quality/HV lead
Base payback >3 years after twelve months	No standalone conversion.	Finance / board

<300 matched active Analamanga plug-ins

Action: Do not launch fixed service cell; continue monitoring only.
Owner: EVS board

No compliant waste recipient or fire/insurer sign-off

Action: Exclude traction-battery custody and pack work.
Owner: Country lead / HV lead

Site power fails capacity/quality tests

Action: Reject site or fund bounded remediation before tooling.
Owner: Engineer / board

Fewer than 20 paid jobs in 90 days

Action: Stop or revert to mobile diagnostics only.
Owner: Pilot manager

Rework >5% or any HV/fire event

Action: Pause service, investigate and retrain; board restart approval.
Owner: Quality/HV lead

Base payback >3 years after twelve months

Action: No standalone conversion.
Owner: Finance / board

32In the full report

90-day entry plan

Evidence, compliance, power and capability close before fixed commitment.

This section is in the full report.

33In the full report

Explicit go / no-go gates

All gates must pass; one material failure stops launch.

This section is in the full report.

Methodology

Evidence precedence, definitions, assumptions and validation are auditable.

Methodology

Step	Method
Define market	Passenger/light-commercial BEV and PHEV only for four-wheel TAM; exclude HEV, motorcycles, dealer inventory, customs releases and announcements unless matched to active registrations.
Prioritize evidence	Official/primary sources first; corporate evidence for launches; secondary reporting only where official numeric extraction was unavailable.
Reconcile definitions	Separate customs release, registration, active stock, brand presence, taxi claim, charger announcement, connector and fuel station.
Size opportunity	Current TAM null; gate SAM uses explicit assumptions; executable SOM zero.
Forecast	Three annual-import share sensitivities against a static 2023 all-powertrain flow; no stock accumulation, scrappage, used-import or policy effect claimed.
Economics	Nominal MGA, VAT-exclusive, pre-tax, no finance, FX conversion or incentive benefit; simple payback only when EBITDA is positive.
Validation	Reparse JSON; root/schema/brand/source/citation/calculation/residue checks; duplicate search before Library create.

Define market

Method: Passenger/light-commercial BEV and PHEV only for four-wheel TAM; exclude HEV, motorcycles, dealer inventory, customs releases and announcements unless matched to active registrations.

Prioritize evidence

Method: Official/primary sources first; corporate evidence for launches; secondary reporting only where official numeric extraction was unavailable.

Reconcile definitions

Method: Separate customs release, registration, active stock, brand presence, taxi claim, charger announcement, connector and fuel station.

Size opportunity

Method: Current TAM null; gate SAM uses explicit assumptions; executable SOM zero.

Forecast

Method: Three annual-import share sensitivities against a static 2023 all-powertrain flow; no stock accumulation, scrappage, used-import or policy effect claimed.

Economics

Method: Nominal MGA, VAT-exclusive, pre-tax, no finance, FX conversion or incentive benefit; simple payback only when EBITDA is positive.

Validation

Method: Reparse JSON; root/schema/brand/source/citation/calculation/residue checks; duplicate search before Library create.

Evidence gaps and closure plan

Missing data is recorded with a specific closure action.

Evidence gaps and closure plan

Gap	Impact	Closure
Annual BEV/PHEV registrations by class	Cannot build national adoption history or flow forecast.	Registration/Customs extract with propulsion, class and year.
Active passenger/LCV plug-in stock by region	Current TAM/SAM cannot be measured.	Matched active VIN extract for Analamanga and national total.
Used/parallel-import plug-in flow and age	Out-of-warranty demand unknown.	Customs/registration VIN and first-registration data.
Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors	Charging coverage and partner mapping unknown.	Operator list plus physical audit: site, connector, power, status, access, tariff and uptime.
Independent workshop EV capability/count	Competitive density unknown.	Twenty-workshop Antananarivo field audit.
Vehicle-parc age distribution	Service intensity/out-of-warranty share unknown.	Registration age bands by class/propulsion.
Authorized traction-battery recipient and carrier	Battery custody and pack work prohibited.	Written ONE/competent-authority classification and signed recipient/carrier route.
Site power capacity and quality	Equipment uptime and safety unresolved.	Seven-day logger test, load study, earthing/protection audit and tariff/bill review.

Annual BEV/PHEV registrations by class

Impact: Cannot build national adoption history or flow forecast.
Closure: Registration/Customs extract with propulsion, class and year.

Active passenger/LCV plug-in stock by region

Impact: Current TAM/SAM cannot be measured.
Closure: Matched active VIN extract for Analamanga and national total.

Used/parallel-import plug-in flow and age

Impact: Out-of-warranty demand unknown.
Closure: Customs/registration VIN and first-registration data.

Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors

Impact: Charging coverage and partner mapping unknown.
Closure: Operator list plus physical audit: site, connector, power, status, access, tariff and uptime.

Independent workshop EV capability/count

Impact: Competitive density unknown.
Closure: Twenty-workshop Antananarivo field audit.

Vehicle-parc age distribution

Impact: Service intensity/out-of-warranty share unknown.
Closure: Registration age bands by class/propulsion.

Authorized traction-battery recipient and carrier

Impact: Battery custody and pack work prohibited.
Closure: Written ONE/competent-authority classification and signed recipient/carrier route.

Site power capacity and quality

Impact: Equipment uptime and safety unresolved.
Closure: Seven-day logger test, load study, earthing/protection audit and tariff/bill review.

Complete linked source register

Every source records publisher, publication date where available and access date.

Complete linked source register

Source Id	Publisher	Publication Date	Accessed At	Href	Role
customs_notice	Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs	2025-05-08	2026-08-11	https://www.douanes.gov.mg/avis-public/modalites-dapplication-de-lexemption-des-droits-et-taxes-pour-les-vehicules-et-motos-electriques-vehicules-electriques-hybrides-neufs-suivant-la-loi-de-finances-2023/	Official landing page for Public Notice No. 082-2025. The benefit is subject to inspection and an advance tariff-classification decision.
customs_notice_pdf	Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs	2025-05-08	2026-08-11	https://www.douanes.gov.mg/srcs/uploads/2025/05/N%C2%B0082-2025-MEF-SC-DGD-DLV-STDA.pdf	Controlling notice: new electric/electric-hybrid vehicles and new electric motorcycles are exempt; SGS inspection and an advance tariff decision are mandatory.
customs_dashboard_2025	Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs	2025-12-01	2026-08-11	https://www.douanes.gov.mg/stat/tableau-de-bord-de-la-direction-generale-des-douanes-decembre-2025/	Official statistics route. Public dashboard includes vehicles released for consumption, but no reliable propulsion/class extract was obtained for this report.
customs_etariff	Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs	—	2026-08-11	https://www.douanes.gov.mg/centre-dinformation/	Official route for tariff, customs code and advance-classification decisions. Written VIN/HS treatment controls landed-cost pricing.
vehicle_imports_2023	2424.mg citing Madagascar Customs	2024-08-17	2026-08-11	https://2424.mg/importation-plus-de-4-600-vehicules-neufs-mis-a-la-consommation-en-2023/	Secondary report of official dashboard figures: 4,606 new and 9,647 other vehicles in 2023 versus 4,994 new and 6,798 other vehicles in 2022. No propulsion split or active-stock status.
instat_q3_2019	INSTAT Madagascar	2019-10-01	2026-08-11	https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-3eme-trim-2019	Official historical quarterly flow: 3,185 newly registered vehicles; 41.1% passenger cars. Not national or propulsion-specific.
instat_q4_2019	INSTAT Madagascar	2020-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-4eme-trimestre-2019	Official historical quarterly flow: 2,300 newly registered vehicles; 63.8% described as new. Not a current EV series.
instat_q3_2020	INSTAT Madagascar	2020-10-01	2026-08-11	https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-3eme-trimestre-2020	Official historical quarterly flow: 1,463 registrations, 83% new, 15% used and 2.1% province transfers. No propulsion split.
instat_q4_2020	INSTAT Madagascar	2021-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-4eme-trimestre-2020	Official historical quarterly flow: 4,432 registrations versus 1,463 in Q3; the source notes pandemic-related processing effects.
cfao_byd	CFAO Group	2024-10-10	2026-08-11	https://www.cfaogroup.com/en/loxea-becomes-the-pioneer-of-electric-solutions-in-madagascar/	Official corporate evidence: LOXEA offers 100% electric BYD vehicles for rental or purchase at Alaria plus charger installation, solar, servicing, assistance, maintenance and parts. No volume.
cfao_byd_fr	CFAO Group	2024-10-10	2026-08-11	https://www.cfaogroup.com/fr/loxea-devient-le-pionnier-des-solutions-electriques-a-madagascar/	French corporate corroboration of the market entry and service bundle; not a registration, stock or charging census.
motor_show_2025	L’Express de Madagascar via allAfrica	2025-09-25	2026-08-11	https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202509250159.html	Secondary report quotes an importer saying 15 EVs were sold in one month for taxi use and claims a national JOVENA charging network. Both require primary transaction/site verification.
jovena	JOVENA Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://www.jovena.mg/	Operator website reviewed for public charging evidence. No dated site list, connector count, power, access, tariff or uptime inventory was located.
nissan_mg	Nissan Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://nissan.mg/	Official current market-presence page reviewed; no EV model or EV-capable service-volume claim was inferred.
omh	OMH Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://omh.mg/	Official petroleum-sector regulator route. Fuel-station presence is not evidence of commissioned EV charging.
fuel_stations	2424.mg citing OMH	2025-02-01	2026-08-11	https://2424.mg/distribution-petroliere-la-revision-des-textes-regissant-la-construction-et-lexploitation-des-stations-services-en-gestation/	Secondary report citing OMH: 336 fuel stations, including 107 in Analamanga. Used only for corridor/partner context, never as charger count.
worldbank_ascent	World Bank	2026-05-06	2026-08-11	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/05/06/madagascar-new-world-bank-program-set-to-provide-reliable-and-affordable-energy-to-over-2-5-million-people-by-2030	US$250m ASCENT programme; reports 36% connected to reliable electricity and planned grid/off-grid expansion. Targets are not current workshop supply.
imf_electricity	International Monetary Fund	2025-03-31	2026-08-11	https://www.imf.org/en/publications/selected-issues-papers/issues/2025/03/31/the-electricity-sector-and-jirama-republic-of-madagascar-565708	Official analysis: 36% electricity access and recurrent outages, averaging six hours/day in Antananarivo in October 2024. Site tests still control.
imf_review	International Monetary Fund	2025-02-26	2026-08-11	https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2025/02/26/pr-2544-madagascar-imf-completes-1st-rev-under-ecf-rsf-and-concludes-2024-art-iv-consultation	Official macro vintage: 4.2% estimated growth in 2024 and 4.6% projected in 2025; downside risks and JIRAMA reform remain material.
imf_second_review	International Monetary Fund	2025-07-03	2026-08-11	https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2025/07/03/pr-25239-madagascar-imf-completes-2nd-rev-under-ecf-and-rsf-arrang	Official update notes adoption of a JIRAMA recovery plan and pervasive electricity disruptions; not an EV-demand input.
worldbank_transport	World Bank	2026-04-28	2026-08-11	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/04/28/madagascar-s-transport-infrastructure-gets-a-major-boost-with-world-bank-group-support	US$200m multimodal transport/logistics project and US$1.1bn total World Bank transport financing context. No electric-bus or EV fleet count is asserted.
meh_prirtem	Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://meh.mg/prirtem/	Official project page describes Antananarivo–Toamasina and Antananarivo–Antsirabe transmission works. Project scope is not site readiness.
meh_tmr	Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar	2024-08-07	2026-08-11	https://meh.mg/tetikasa-tana-medium-ring/	Official project announcement: eight substations and 185 km of 90 kV line are planned for Analamanga and connected regions. Announced infrastructure is not commissioned supply.
meh_decim	Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar	2025-11-01	2026-08-11	https://meh.mg/decim-2/	Official project announcement: 52 localities in seven regions and more than 225,000 people targeted within 24 months. This is a target, not current access.
ader	ADER Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://ader.mg/	Official rural-electrification agency route. No candidate-site power-quality conclusion is drawn.
ore_tariff	Electricity Regulation Office, Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://www.ore.mg/jargon.html	Official tariff terminology includes BT 380/220/110 V and MT categories; actual service capacity, phase availability and power quality require engineering tests.
edbm	EDBM	—	2026-08-11	https://www.edbm.mg/	Official investment-promotion and facilitation route.
edbm_creation	EDBM	—	2026-08-11	https://www.edbm.mg/creation-de-societe/	Official online Orinasa route and legal-form guidance for SARL, SA, SARLU and civil companies. Obtain a current certificate/fee pack.
investment_law	UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub / Government of Madagascar	2023-07-27	2026-08-11	https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-laws/laws/367/madagascar-madagascar-investment-law-2023	Text establishes freedom/equal treatment principles and confirms EDBM as the investment-promotion agency; it does not automatically confer pilot tax benefits.
dgi	DGI Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://www.impots.mg/	Official tax-administration route. Current written treatment controls tax and filing decisions.
pwc_cit	PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries	2025-11-18	2026-08-11	https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/madagascar/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income	Professional summary: 20% CIT under the real regime above the stated turnover threshold. Indicative only; current DGI/local advice controls.
pwc_vat	PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries	2025-11-18	2026-08-11	https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/madagascar/corporate/other-taxes	Professional summary: standard VAT 20%; employer social-security contribution capped at 13% of eight times the legal minimum salary. Obtain written classification.
cnaps	CNaPS	—	2026-08-11	https://www.cnaps.mg/	Official social-security administration route.
cnaps_payment	CNaPS	2025-06-27	2026-08-11	https://www.cnaps.mg/fr/actualite/cnaps-impact-l-innovation-sociale-en-action	Official evidence that employers can pay contributions via online declaration and mobile payment. Rates/classification still require CNaPS confirmation.
labour_code	ILO NATLEX / Government of Madagascar	2004-07-28	2026-08-11	https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=70303	Official-law repository summary: hygiene, safety, work environment, occupational medicine and inspection are covered. Confirm later amendments and application.
ilo_ratification	International Labour Organization	2023-06-20	2026-08-11	https://www.ilo.org/fr/resource/actualites/madagascar-ratifie-trois-conventions-de-loit-sur-la-securite-et-la-sante-au	C155, C161 and C187 entered into force for Madagascar on 15 June 2024; this does not create an EV/HV technician credential.
ilo_profile	International Labour Organization	2023-03-24	2026-08-11	https://www.ilo.org/fr/publications/profil-national-de-securite-et-sante-au-travail-de-madagascar	Tripartite-validated national OSH profile; use as compliance context, not substitute for site risk assessment.
mecie	Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Madagascar	2025-01-28	2026-08-11	https://www.environnement.mg/documents/fixant-les-regles-et-procedures-de-levaluation-environnementale-et-sociale-pour-la-mise-en-compatibilite-des-investissements-avec-lenvironnement-ou-mecie/	Current official environmental-screening framework. Obtain written ONE categorisation and permit/non-requirement before site commitment.
one	Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Madagascar	—	2026-08-11	https://www.environnement.mg/organisme-rattache/office-national-pour-lenvironnement/	Official description of ONE as the MECIE implementation body and environmental one-stop shop.
data_law	Digital Governance Unit / CNLEGIS	2015-01-09	2026-08-11	https://digital.gov.mg/en/2022/07/05/loi-n-2014-038-sur-la-protection-des-donnees-a-caractere-personnel/	Official republication: processing in Madagascar is covered; declaration/authorization, rights, security, DPO and transfer rules apply. Confirm CMIL operating route.
medd_brs	Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Madagascar	2025-05-01	2026-08-11	https://www.environnement.mg/actualites/madagascar-reaffirme-son-engagement-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-produits-chimiques-et-dechets-aux-conferences-brs-a-geneve/	Official policy evidence on hazardous chemicals/waste conventions. It does not identify an authorized traction-battery recipient.
basel_madagascar	Basel Convention Secretariat	—	2026-08-11	https://www.basel.int/Countries/Countryfactsheets/tabid/1293/ItemId/2458/Default.aspx	Official Convention-country route. Current competent-authority approvals govern hazardous-waste movements.
iso_6469	ISO	2021-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.iso.org/standard/45477.html	International benchmark; Madagascar adoption/legal effect is not assumed.
iso_17409	ISO	2020-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.iso.org/standard/68474.html	International EV power-transfer benchmark; local electrical approval controls.
iec_61851	IEC	2017-02-01	2026-08-11	https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/33644	International EVSE benchmark; not a Madagascar permit or electrician licence.
un_r100	UNECE	2022-03-01	2026-08-11	https://unece.org/transport/documents/2022/03/standards/un-regulation-no-100-rev3	Vehicle electric-powertrain safety benchmark; national applicability requires confirmation.
un_tests	UNECE	—	2026-08-11	https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/rev8-files	Battery transport test framework; carrier, routing and competent-authority approvals remain necessary.
ilo_osh	International Labour Organization	2001-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.ilo.org/resource/other/guidelines-occupational-safety-and-health-management-systems-ilo-osh-2001	Management-system benchmark; not a substitute for Madagascar labour and OSH law.
basel	Basel Convention Secretariat	—	2026-08-11	https://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1275/Default.aspx	International hazardous-waste movement framework; national competent-authority procedures control.
evs_model	EVS Worldwide	2026-08-11	2026-08-11	https://www.evsworldwide.com/	All assumptions, gates, sensitivities and economics are EVS decision inputs, not sourced market facts.

customs_notice

Publisher: Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs
Publication Date: 2025-05-08
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.douanes.gov.mg/avis-public/modalites-dapplication-de-lexemption-des-droits-et-taxes-pour-les-vehicules-et-motos-electriques-vehicules-electriques-hybrides-neufs-suivant-la-loi-de-finances-2023/
Role: Official landing page for Public Notice No. 082-2025. The benefit is subject to inspection and an advance tariff-classification decision.

customs_notice_pdf

Publisher: Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs
Publication Date: 2025-05-08
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.douanes.gov.mg/srcs/uploads/2025/05/N%C2%B0082-2025-MEF-SC-DGD-DLV-STDA.pdf
Role: Controlling notice: new electric/electric-hybrid vehicles and new electric motorcycles are exempt; SGS inspection and an advance tariff decision are mandatory.

customs_dashboard_2025

Publisher: Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs
Publication Date: 2025-12-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.douanes.gov.mg/stat/tableau-de-bord-de-la-direction-generale-des-douanes-decembre-2025/
Role: Official statistics route. Public dashboard includes vehicles released for consumption, but no reliable propulsion/class extract was obtained for this report.

customs_etariff

Publisher: Madagascar Directorate-General of Customs
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.douanes.gov.mg/centre-dinformation/
Role: Official route for tariff, customs code and advance-classification decisions. Written VIN/HS treatment controls landed-cost pricing.

vehicle_imports_2023

Publisher: 2424.mg citing Madagascar Customs
Publication Date: 2024-08-17
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://2424.mg/importation-plus-de-4-600-vehicules-neufs-mis-a-la-consommation-en-2023/
Role: Secondary report of official dashboard figures: 4,606 new and 9,647 other vehicles in 2023 versus 4,994 new and 6,798 other vehicles in 2022. No propulsion split or active-stock status.

instat_q3_2019

Publisher: INSTAT Madagascar
Publication Date: 2019-10-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-3eme-trim-2019
Role: Official historical quarterly flow: 3,185 newly registered vehicles; 41.1% passenger cars. Not national or propulsion-specific.

instat_q4_2019

Publisher: INSTAT Madagascar
Publication Date: 2020-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-4eme-trimestre-2019
Role: Official historical quarterly flow: 2,300 newly registered vehicles; 63.8% described as new. Not a current EV series.

instat_q3_2020

Publisher: INSTAT Madagascar
Publication Date: 2020-10-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-3eme-trimestre-2020
Role: Official historical quarterly flow: 1,463 registrations, 83% new, 15% used and 2.1% province transfers. No propulsion split.

instat_q4_2020

Publisher: INSTAT Madagascar
Publication Date: 2021-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.instat.mg/p/immatriculation-de-vehicules-dantananarivo-4eme-trimestre-2020
Role: Official historical quarterly flow: 4,432 registrations versus 1,463 in Q3; the source notes pandemic-related processing effects.

cfao_byd

Publisher: CFAO Group
Publication Date: 2024-10-10
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.cfaogroup.com/en/loxea-becomes-the-pioneer-of-electric-solutions-in-madagascar/
Role: Official corporate evidence: LOXEA offers 100% electric BYD vehicles for rental or purchase at Alaria plus charger installation, solar, servicing, assistance, maintenance and parts. No volume.

cfao_byd_fr

Publisher: CFAO Group
Publication Date: 2024-10-10
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.cfaogroup.com/fr/loxea-devient-le-pionnier-des-solutions-electriques-a-madagascar/
Role: French corporate corroboration of the market entry and service bundle; not a registration, stock or charging census.

motor_show_2025

Publisher: L’Express de Madagascar via allAfrica
Publication Date: 2025-09-25
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202509250159.html
Role: Secondary report quotes an importer saying 15 EVs were sold in one month for taxi use and claims a national JOVENA charging network. Both require primary transaction/site verification.

jovena

Publisher: JOVENA Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.jovena.mg/
Role: Operator website reviewed for public charging evidence. No dated site list, connector count, power, access, tariff or uptime inventory was located.

nissan_mg

Publisher: Nissan Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://nissan.mg/
Role: Official current market-presence page reviewed; no EV model or EV-capable service-volume claim was inferred.

omh

Publisher: OMH Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://omh.mg/
Role: Official petroleum-sector regulator route. Fuel-station presence is not evidence of commissioned EV charging.

fuel_stations

Publisher: 2424.mg citing OMH
Publication Date: 2025-02-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://2424.mg/distribution-petroliere-la-revision-des-textes-regissant-la-construction-et-lexploitation-des-stations-services-en-gestation/
Role: Secondary report citing OMH: 336 fuel stations, including 107 in Analamanga. Used only for corridor/partner context, never as charger count.

worldbank_ascent

Publisher: World Bank
Publication Date: 2026-05-06
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/05/06/madagascar-new-world-bank-program-set-to-provide-reliable-and-affordable-energy-to-over-2-5-million-people-by-2030
Role: US$250m ASCENT programme; reports 36% connected to reliable electricity and planned grid/off-grid expansion. Targets are not current workshop supply.

imf_electricity

Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Publication Date: 2025-03-31
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/selected-issues-papers/issues/2025/03/31/the-electricity-sector-and-jirama-republic-of-madagascar-565708
Role: Official analysis: 36% electricity access and recurrent outages, averaging six hours/day in Antananarivo in October 2024. Site tests still control.

imf_review

Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Publication Date: 2025-02-26
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2025/02/26/pr-2544-madagascar-imf-completes-1st-rev-under-ecf-rsf-and-concludes-2024-art-iv-consultation
Role: Official macro vintage: 4.2% estimated growth in 2024 and 4.6% projected in 2025; downside risks and JIRAMA reform remain material.

imf_second_review

Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Publication Date: 2025-07-03
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2025/07/03/pr-25239-madagascar-imf-completes-2nd-rev-under-ecf-and-rsf-arrang
Role: Official update notes adoption of a JIRAMA recovery plan and pervasive electricity disruptions; not an EV-demand input.

worldbank_transport

Publisher: World Bank
Publication Date: 2026-04-28
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/04/28/madagascar-s-transport-infrastructure-gets-a-major-boost-with-world-bank-group-support
Role: US$200m multimodal transport/logistics project and US$1.1bn total World Bank transport financing context. No electric-bus or EV fleet count is asserted.

meh_prirtem

Publisher: Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://meh.mg/prirtem/
Role: Official project page describes Antananarivo–Toamasina and Antananarivo–Antsirabe transmission works. Project scope is not site readiness.

meh_tmr

Publisher: Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar
Publication Date: 2024-08-07
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://meh.mg/tetikasa-tana-medium-ring/
Role: Official project announcement: eight substations and 185 km of 90 kV line are planned for Analamanga and connected regions. Announced infrastructure is not commissioned supply.

meh_decim

Publisher: Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar
Publication Date: 2025-11-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://meh.mg/decim-2/
Role: Official project announcement: 52 localities in seven regions and more than 225,000 people targeted within 24 months. This is a target, not current access.

ader

Publisher: ADER Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://ader.mg/
Role: Official rural-electrification agency route. No candidate-site power-quality conclusion is drawn.

ore_tariff

Publisher: Electricity Regulation Office, Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.ore.mg/jargon.html
Role: Official tariff terminology includes BT 380/220/110 V and MT categories; actual service capacity, phase availability and power quality require engineering tests.

edbm

Publisher: EDBM
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.edbm.mg/
Role: Official investment-promotion and facilitation route.

edbm_creation

Publisher: EDBM
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.edbm.mg/creation-de-societe/
Role: Official online Orinasa route and legal-form guidance for SARL, SA, SARLU and civil companies. Obtain a current certificate/fee pack.

investment_law

Publisher: UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub / Government of Madagascar
Publication Date: 2023-07-27
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-laws/laws/367/madagascar-madagascar-investment-law-2023
Role: Text establishes freedom/equal treatment principles and confirms EDBM as the investment-promotion agency; it does not automatically confer pilot tax benefits.

dgi

Publisher: DGI Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.impots.mg/
Role: Official tax-administration route. Current written treatment controls tax and filing decisions.

pwc_cit

Publisher: PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries
Publication Date: 2025-11-18
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/madagascar/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income
Role: Professional summary: 20% CIT under the real regime above the stated turnover threshold. Indicative only; current DGI/local advice controls.

pwc_vat

Publisher: PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries
Publication Date: 2025-11-18
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/madagascar/corporate/other-taxes
Role: Professional summary: standard VAT 20%; employer social-security contribution capped at 13% of eight times the legal minimum salary. Obtain written classification.

cnaps

Publisher: CNaPS
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.cnaps.mg/
Role: Official social-security administration route.

cnaps_payment

Publisher: CNaPS
Publication Date: 2025-06-27
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.cnaps.mg/fr/actualite/cnaps-impact-l-innovation-sociale-en-action
Role: Official evidence that employers can pay contributions via online declaration and mobile payment. Rates/classification still require CNaPS confirmation.

labour_code

Publisher: ILO NATLEX / Government of Madagascar
Publication Date: 2004-07-28
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=70303
Role: Official-law repository summary: hygiene, safety, work environment, occupational medicine and inspection are covered. Confirm later amendments and application.

ilo_ratification

Publisher: International Labour Organization
Publication Date: 2023-06-20
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.ilo.org/fr/resource/actualites/madagascar-ratifie-trois-conventions-de-loit-sur-la-securite-et-la-sante-au
Role: C155, C161 and C187 entered into force for Madagascar on 15 June 2024; this does not create an EV/HV technician credential.

ilo_profile

Publisher: International Labour Organization
Publication Date: 2023-03-24
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.ilo.org/fr/publications/profil-national-de-securite-et-sante-au-travail-de-madagascar
Role: Tripartite-validated national OSH profile; use as compliance context, not substitute for site risk assessment.

mecie

Publisher: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Madagascar
Publication Date: 2025-01-28
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.environnement.mg/documents/fixant-les-regles-et-procedures-de-levaluation-environnementale-et-sociale-pour-la-mise-en-compatibilite-des-investissements-avec-lenvironnement-ou-mecie/
Role: Current official environmental-screening framework. Obtain written ONE categorisation and permit/non-requirement before site commitment.

one

Publisher: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Madagascar
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.environnement.mg/organisme-rattache/office-national-pour-lenvironnement/
Role: Official description of ONE as the MECIE implementation body and environmental one-stop shop.

data_law

Publisher: Digital Governance Unit / CNLEGIS
Publication Date: 2015-01-09
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://digital.gov.mg/en/2022/07/05/loi-n-2014-038-sur-la-protection-des-donnees-a-caractere-personnel/
Role: Official republication: processing in Madagascar is covered; declaration/authorization, rights, security, DPO and transfer rules apply. Confirm CMIL operating route.

medd_brs

Publisher: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Madagascar
Publication Date: 2025-05-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.environnement.mg/actualites/madagascar-reaffirme-son-engagement-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-produits-chimiques-et-dechets-aux-conferences-brs-a-geneve/
Role: Official policy evidence on hazardous chemicals/waste conventions. It does not identify an authorized traction-battery recipient.

basel_madagascar

Publisher: Basel Convention Secretariat
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.basel.int/Countries/Countryfactsheets/tabid/1293/ItemId/2458/Default.aspx
Role: Official Convention-country route. Current competent-authority approvals govern hazardous-waste movements.

iso_6469

Publisher: ISO
Publication Date: 2021-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.iso.org/standard/45477.html
Role: International benchmark; Madagascar adoption/legal effect is not assumed.

iso_17409

Publisher: ISO
Publication Date: 2020-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.iso.org/standard/68474.html
Role: International EV power-transfer benchmark; local electrical approval controls.

iec_61851

Publisher: IEC
Publication Date: 2017-02-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/33644
Role: International EVSE benchmark; not a Madagascar permit or electrician licence.

un_r100

Publisher: UNECE
Publication Date: 2022-03-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://unece.org/transport/documents/2022/03/standards/un-regulation-no-100-rev3
Role: Vehicle electric-powertrain safety benchmark; national applicability requires confirmation.

un_tests

Publisher: UNECE
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/rev8-files
Role: Battery transport test framework; carrier, routing and competent-authority approvals remain necessary.

ilo_osh

Publisher: International Labour Organization
Publication Date: 2001-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.ilo.org/resource/other/guidelines-occupational-safety-and-health-management-systems-ilo-osh-2001
Role: Management-system benchmark; not a substitute for Madagascar labour and OSH law.

basel

Publisher: Basel Convention Secretariat
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1275/Default.aspx
Role: International hazardous-waste movement framework; national competent-authority procedures control.

evs_model

Publisher: EVS Worldwide
Publication Date: 2026-08-11
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.evsworldwide.com/
Role: All assumptions, gates, sensitivities and economics are EVS decision inputs, not sourced market facts.

Method / Sources and confidence

Where every figure
comes from.

Registrations, charging and legal requirements are read from primary sources. Where no official dataset exists, the model and its assumptions are published instead of a single unexplained number. This report is a dated snapshot: August 2026.

Reports are commercial research, not legal, tax or investment advice.

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