Market intelligence/Africa/Report available

Benin.

EVS Benin EV Service Centre Market Entry

Decision-grade market-entry report for an EVS service-centre model in Benin.

Active plug-in stock

—

No authoritative active passenger/light-commercial plug-in stock series.

Public connectors

—

No verified commissioned public passenger-EV connector census.

Gate jobs

108

EVS annual gate SAM; not a market estimate.

Base payback

6.849

Base simple payback on reversible capex.

01/The verdict in full

Executive summary

A standalone centre is not supported. A Cotonou/Grand Nokoué partner clinic remains conditional on evidence gates.

Market headline

Null values are deliberate evidence gaps, not zeros.

Market headline

Metric	Period	Value	Unit	Status
ANaTT four-wheel vehicle database	14 Jan 2025	323,602	vehicles	All powertrains; database count, not active plug-in stock [anatt_parc].
Passenger/LCV BEV sales	Current	—	vehicles	Authoritative series not located.
Passenger/LCV PHEV sales	Current	—	vehicles	Authoritative series not located.
Active passenger/LCV BEV/PHEV stock	Current	—	vehicles	Authoritative series not located.
Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors	Current	—	connectors	Authoritative census not located.
Executable SOM	Pre-gate	0	jobs/year	Set to zero until launch gates pass [evs_model].

ANaTT four-wheel vehicle database

Period: 14 Jan 2025
Value: 323,602
Unit: vehicles
Status: All powertrains; database count, not active plug-in stock [anatt_parc].

Passenger/LCV BEV sales

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: vehicles
Status: Authoritative series not located.

Passenger/LCV PHEV sales

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: vehicles
Status: Authoritative series not located.

Active passenger/LCV BEV/PHEV stock

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: vehicles
Status: Authoritative series not located.

Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors

Period: Current
Value: —
Unit: connectors
Status: Authoritative census not located.

Executable SOM

Period: Pre-gate
Value: 0
Unit: jobs/year
Status: Set to zero until launch gates pass [evs_model].

Market size and four-wheel context

ANaTT database figures cover all powertrains and do not prove active plug-in stock.

Market size and four-wheel context

Measure	Value	Unit	Date	Definition
ANaTT database four-wheel vehicles	323,602	vehicles	2025-01-14	All powertrains; database record [anatt_parc].
SECUROUTE stickers	223,302	vehicles	2025-01-14	Compliance/platform indicator, not active fleet [anatt_parc].
Grand Nokoué population	2,800,000	people	2025 project baseline	World Bank project context [worldbank_nokoue].
World Bank Grand Nokoué financing	200,000,000	USD	2025-05-20	IDA project financing, not EV sales [worldbank_nokoue].
World Bank reported real GDP growth	7.5	%	2024	Macro context only; not an EV-demand forecast [worldbank_outlook].
World Bank average growth projection	7.1	%	2025–2027	Forecast vintage and institution differ from government/IMF assumptions [worldbank_outlook][imf_report].
IMF programme review	—	programme context	2025-06-18	EFF/ECF and RSF review completion supports macro/fiscal diligence context; not an EV-market input [imf_review].
Updated national climate contribution	—	policy context	2021-10-12	Official NDC informs transition context but supplies no passenger-EV stock forecast used here [ndc].

ANaTT database four-wheel vehicles

Value: 323,602
Unit: vehicles
Date: 2025-01-14
Definition: All powertrains; database record [anatt_parc].

SECUROUTE stickers

Value: 223,302
Unit: vehicles
Date: 2025-01-14
Definition: Compliance/platform indicator, not active fleet [anatt_parc].

Grand Nokoué population

Value: 2,800,000
Unit: people
Date: 2025 project baseline
Definition: World Bank project context [worldbank_nokoue].

World Bank Grand Nokoué financing

Value: 200,000,000
Unit: USD
Date: 2025-05-20
Definition: IDA project financing, not EV sales [worldbank_nokoue].

World Bank reported real GDP growth

Value: 7.5
Unit: %
Date: 2024
Definition: Macro context only; not an EV-demand forecast [worldbank_outlook].

World Bank average growth projection

Value: 7.1
Unit: %
Date: 2025–2027
Definition: Forecast vintage and institution differ from government/IMF assumptions [worldbank_outlook][imf_report].

IMF programme review

Value: —
Unit: programme context
Date: 2025-06-18
Definition: EFF/ECF and RSF review completion supports macro/fiscal diligence context; not an EV-market input [imf_review].

Updated national climate contribution

Value: —
Unit: policy context
Date: 2021-10-12
Definition: Official NDC informs transition context but supplies no passenger-EV stock forecast used here [ndc].

BEV/PHEV adoption history

No authoritative passenger/LCV sales or stock series was located.

BEV/PHEV adoption history

Period	Bev Sales	Phev Sales	Stock	Evidence
Before Apr 2025	—	—	—	No authoritative national passenger/LCV series located.
24 Apr 2025	—	—	—	BYD/CFAO launched ATTO 3 and DOLPHIN; availability is not sales [byd_entry][cfao_byd].
11 Aug 2026 research cutoff	—	—	—	Authoritative series remains unavailable; do not backfill from brand presence or two-wheel fleets.

Before Apr 2025

Bev Sales: —
Phev Sales: —
Stock: —
Evidence: No authoritative national passenger/LCV series located.

24 Apr 2025

Bev Sales: —
Phev Sales: —
Stock: —
Evidence: BYD/CFAO launched ATTO 3 and DOLPHIN; availability is not sales [byd_entry][cfao_byd].

11 Aug 2026 research cutoff

Bev Sales: —
Phev Sales: —
Stock: —
Evidence: Authoritative series remains unavailable; do not backfill from brand presence or two-wheel fleets.

Definition reconciliation

Motorcycles, swap stations, brand launches and four-wheel registrations are kept separate.

Definition reconciliation

Term	Include	Exclude	Decision Use
Four-wheel ANaTT database	Registered database records across all powertrains	Proof of active status, passenger/LCV class split or plug-in propulsion	Context denominator only [anatt_parc].
BEV/PHEV passenger/LCV stock	Matched active four-wheel registrations with propulsion and class	HEV, e-motorcycles, announced models, dealer stock	Required TAM denominator; currently null.
Spiro programme	Electric motorcycles, batteries and swap infrastructure	Passenger/LCV vehicles and public charging	Adjacent ecosystem only [guarantco_spiro].
Charging infrastructure	Commissioned, accessible passenger-EV connectors with location/power/status	Two-wheel swap stations, private dealer equipment, announced sites	Current census null.

Four-wheel ANaTT database

Include: Registered database records across all powertrains
Exclude: Proof of active status, passenger/LCV class split or plug-in propulsion
Decision Use: Context denominator only [anatt_parc].

BEV/PHEV passenger/LCV stock

Include: Matched active four-wheel registrations with propulsion and class
Exclude: HEV, e-motorcycles, announced models, dealer stock
Decision Use: Required TAM denominator; currently null.

Spiro programme

Include: Electric motorcycles, batteries and swap infrastructure
Exclude: Passenger/LCV vehicles and public charging
Decision Use: Adjacent ecosystem only [guarantco_spiro].

Charging infrastructure

Include: Commissioned, accessible passenger-EV connectors with location/power/status
Exclude: Two-wheel swap stations, private dealer equipment, announced sites
Decision Use: Current census null.

Cautious / base / high 2030 sensitivities

These are EVS sensitivities against a static all-powertrain database, not official forecasts.

Cautious / base / high 2030 sensitivities

Scenario	Plug In Share Of Static Four Wheel Database Pct	Modelled 2030 Plug In Pool	Basis
Cautious	0.1	324	EVS 2030 sensitivity applied to the static 323,602 four-wheel ANaTT database snapshot. Not an official forecast, active-stock estimate or sales series.
Base	0.25	809	EVS 2030 sensitivity applied to the static 323,602 four-wheel ANaTT database snapshot. Not an official forecast, active-stock estimate or sales series.
High	0.5	1,618	EVS 2030 sensitivity applied to the static 323,602 four-wheel ANaTT database snapshot. Not an official forecast, active-stock estimate or sales series.

Cautious

Plug In Share Of Static Four Wheel Database Pct: 0.1
Modelled 2030 Plug In Pool: 324
Basis: EVS 2030 sensitivity applied to the static 323,602 four-wheel ANaTT database snapshot. Not an official forecast, active-stock estimate or sales series.

Base

Plug In Share Of Static Four Wheel Database Pct: 0.25
Modelled 2030 Plug In Pool: 809
Basis: EVS 2030 sensitivity applied to the static 323,602 four-wheel ANaTT database snapshot. Not an official forecast, active-stock estimate or sales series.

High

Plug In Share Of Static Four Wheel Database Pct: 0.5
Modelled 2030 Plug In Pool: 1,618
Basis: EVS 2030 sensitivity applied to the static 323,602 four-wheel ANaTT database snapshot. Not an official forecast, active-stock estimate or sales series.

Charging and energy infrastructure

Passenger charging is unverified; two-wheel swapping is not a substitute.

Charging and energy infrastructure

Asset	Count	Status	Use
National commissioned public passenger-EV sites/connectors	—	No authoritative current census located.	Block charger-based TAM claim.
BYD/CFAO showroom/after-sales centre	1	Cotonou corporate presence [byd_entry][byd_directory].	Competitor/capability evidence, not necessarily public EVSE.
Spiro swap stations	—	Country-specific current Benin count not verified; combined Benin/Togo programme only [guarantco_spiro].	Exclude from passenger charging.

National commissioned public passenger-EV sites/connectors

Count: —
Status: No authoritative current census located.
Use: Block charger-based TAM claim.

BYD/CFAO showroom/after-sales centre

Count: 1
Status: Cotonou corporate presence [byd_entry][byd_directory].
Use: Competitor/capability evidence, not necessarily public EVSE.

Spiro swap stations

Count: —
Status: Country-specific current Benin count not verified; combined Benin/Togo programme only [guarantco_spiro].
Use: Exclude from passenger charging.

Electricity and site readiness

National access progress does not establish workshop-quality supply.

Electricity and site readiness

Topic	Evidence	Implication
National access expansion	150,000 meters installed; about 145,000 households, 2,789 small businesses and 451 public institutions connected [worldbank_power].	Positive direction; not site power quality.

National access expansion

Evidence: 150,000 meters installed; about 145,000 households, 2,789 small businesses and 451 public institutions connected [worldbank_power].
Implication: Positive direction; not site power quality.

2 more rows in the full report

Vehicle parc age and service demand

Age and used-import evidence are missing, so service demand is gated.

Vehicle parc age and service demand

Measure	Value	Implication
Four-wheel age distribution	—	No authoritative age bands located; cannot infer out-of-warranty EV share.
Used/parallel-import plug-in flow	—	No authoritative series located; inspect VIN/import data.
Vehicle-compliance platform	SECUROUTE	Supports inspection/compliance demand context, not EV-specific service demand [securoute][anatt_parc].
Near-term credible services	Non-invasive diagnostics and chassis/thermal-system work	Lower regulatory/capability risk than pack repair.

Four-wheel age distribution

Value: —
Implication: No authoritative age bands located; cannot infer out-of-warranty EV share.

Used/parallel-import plug-in flow

Value: —
Implication: No authoritative series located; inspect VIN/import data.

Vehicle-compliance platform

Value: SECUROUTE
Implication: Supports inspection/compliance demand context, not EV-specific service demand [securoute][anatt_parc].

Near-term credible services

Value: Non-invasive diagnostics and chassis/thermal-system work
Implication: Lower regulatory/capability risk than pack repair.

Transparent TAM / SAM / SOM

Sourced facts and EVS assumptions are explicitly separated.

Transparent TAM / SAM / SOM

Level	Value	Unit	Formula	Status
Current TAM	—	active passenger/LCV plug-ins	Authoritative active stock required	Not measurable.
Launch-gate pool	250	active passenger/LCV plug-ins	EVS threshold	Decision gate, not estimate.
Gate active pool	225	vehicles	250 × 0.9	EVS assumption.

Current TAM

Value: —
Unit: active passenger/LCV plug-ins
Formula: Authoritative active stock required
Status: Not measurable.

Launch-gate pool

Value: 250
Unit: active passenger/LCV plug-ins
Formula: EVS threshold
Status: Decision gate, not estimate.

Gate active pool

Value: 225
Unit: vehicles
Formula: 250 × 0.9
Status: EVS assumption.

4 more rows in the full report

Customer segments

Target only evidence-backed, supported vehicles and tasks.

Customer segments

Segment	Need	Risk
Private BYD owners	Independent diagnostics, tyres/brakes/suspension, pre-purchase and out-of-warranty care	OEM after-sales/warranty capture [byd_entry].
Parallel-import/used plug-in owners	VIN-specific scan, condition report, parts sourcing	Population size and supported model mix unknown.
Corporate/fleet operators	Inspection, uptime SLAs, mobile triage and reporting	No evidenced plug-in fleet denominator.
Motorcycle riders/operators	High-uptime maintenance	Separate vehicle architecture, proprietary battery ecosystem and commercial model; excluded from four-wheel TAM.

Private BYD owners

Need: Independent diagnostics, tyres/brakes/suspension, pre-purchase and out-of-warranty care
Risk: OEM after-sales/warranty capture [byd_entry].

Parallel-import/used plug-in owners

Need: VIN-specific scan, condition report, parts sourcing
Risk: Population size and supported model mix unknown.

Corporate/fleet operators

Need: Inspection, uptime SLAs, mobile triage and reporting
Risk: No evidenced plug-in fleet denominator.

Motorcycle riders/operators

Need: High-uptime maintenance
Risk: Separate vehicle architecture, proprietary battery ecosystem and commercial model; excluded from four-wheel TAM.

Fleet segments

Projects and operator ecosystems are leads, not contracted demand.

Fleet segments

Segment	Evidence	Entry
Grand Nokoué public-transport programme	Project enables future electric buses/boats and e-motorcycle renewal [worldbank_nokoue].	Tender/partner monitoring only; no fleet count or service contract assumed.
Freight/logistics operators	Electronic consignment-note enrolment gives a fleet-contact route [anatt_freight].	Qualify plug-in vehicles through fleet VIN audit.
Ride-hail/taxi motorcycles	Material e-motorcycle policy/financing ecosystem [guarantco_spiro].	Separate product line only with OEM/operator contract.
Rental/hospitality/diplomatic fleets	No plug-in count located.	Interview-based demand validation only.

Grand Nokoué public-transport programme

Evidence: Project enables future electric buses/boats and e-motorcycle renewal [worldbank_nokoue].
Entry: Tender/partner monitoring only; no fleet count or service contract assumed.

Freight/logistics operators

Evidence: Electronic consignment-note enrolment gives a fleet-contact route [anatt_freight].
Entry: Qualify plug-in vehicles through fleet VIN audit.

Ride-hail/taxi motorcycles

Evidence: Material e-motorcycle policy/financing ecosystem [guarantco_spiro].
Entry: Separate product line only with OEM/operator contract.

Rental/hospitality/diplomatic fleets

Evidence: No plug-in count located.
Entry: Interview-based demand validation only.

Leading EV brands and models

Availability is not sales or active stock.

Leading EV brands and models

Brand	Model	Vehicle Type	Evidence	Sales Or Stock
BYD	ATTO 3	Passenger BEV	Official Benin launch [byd_entry]	—
BYD	DOLPHIN	Passenger BEV	Official Benin launch [byd_entry]	—
Spiro	Unspecified fleet	Electric motorcycle	Combined Benin/Togo programme [guarantco_spiro]	—
Other passenger plug-ins	Unverified	Passenger/LCV BEV/PHEV	Registry/dealer fieldwork required	—

BYD

Model: ATTO 3
Vehicle Type: Passenger BEV
Evidence: Official Benin launch [byd_entry]
Sales Or Stock: —

BYD

Model: DOLPHIN
Vehicle Type: Passenger BEV
Evidence: Official Benin launch [byd_entry]
Sales Or Stock: —

Spiro

Model: Unspecified fleet
Vehicle Type: Electric motorcycle
Evidence: Combined Benin/Togo programme [guarantco_spiro]
Sales Or Stock: —

Other passenger plug-ins

Model: Unverified
Vehicle Type: Passenger/LCV BEV/PHEV
Evidence: Registry/dealer fieldwork required
Sales Or Stock: —

14In the full report

OEM and authorized competitors

BYD/CFAO is the evidenced four-wheel EV after-sales incumbent.

This section is in the full report.

15In the full report

Independent competitors

Counts and EV/HV capability require field audit.

This section is in the full report.

16In the full report

Priority cities and regions

Grand Nokoué is the pilot catchment; northern fixed capex is deferred.

This section is in the full report.

17In the full report

Consumer and vehicle incentives

No benefit is priced without signed law and written classification.

This section is in the full report.

18In the full report

Business and investment incentives

The capped pilot assumes no investment-code benefit.

This section is in the full report.

19In the full report

Tax snapshot

Professional summaries are indicative; written Benin advice controls.

This section is in the full report.

20In the full report

Entity, licensing and premises

All material approvals are pre-launch gates.

This section is in the full report.

22In the full report

High-voltage and workshop safety

International standards are benchmarks, not proof of national adoption.

This section is in the full report.

23In the full report

Battery, waste and transport

Traction-battery custody is out of launch scope.

This section is in the full report.

Data, consumer and warranty controls

Operate transparently as independent; protect VIN/customer/telemetry data.

Data, consumer and warranty controls

Area	Control	Gate
Personal data	Purpose, minimisation, consent/legal basis, access, retention, breach and vendor controls for VIN/customer/telemetry.	APDP compliance/formalities file [apdp][apdp_mission].
Video surveillance	Separate APDP review/authorisation as applicable.	Written APDP determination.
Consumer status	Disclose independent status, quotation, scope, parts provenance, warranty, rework and dispute route.	Counsel-approved French-language terms.
OEM warranty	Do not represent EVS as BYD-authorized; refer warranty/recall work.	VIN/task/warranty matrix and referral script [byd_entry].

Personal data

Control: Purpose, minimisation, consent/legal basis, access, retention, breach and vendor controls for VIN/customer/telemetry.
Gate: APDP compliance/formalities file [apdp][apdp_mission].

Video surveillance

Control: Separate APDP review/authorisation as applicable.
Gate: Written APDP determination.

Consumer status

Control: Disclose independent status, quotation, scope, parts provenance, warranty, rework and dispute route.
Gate: Counsel-approved French-language terms.

OEM warranty

Control: Do not represent EVS as BYD-authorized; refer warranty/recall work.
Gate: VIN/task/warranty matrix and referral script [byd_entry].

25In the full report

Recommended service portfolio

Launch with non-invasive and cross-powertrain work.

This section is in the full report.

26In the full report

Operating model

Use one reversible partner bay with low inventory and evidence-rich quality controls.

This section is in the full report.

27In the full report

Franchise pathway

Standalone conversion is deferred until evidence and payback gates pass.

This section is in the full report.

28In the full report

Pilot economics: annual steady state

All values are EVS assumptions in nominal XOF, VAT-exclusive and pre-tax.

This section is in the full report.

29In the full report

Pilot economics: 90 days

The base continuation case requires 20 paid jobs and positive EBITDA.

This section is in the full report.

30In the full report

Risks

Critical uncertainties are treated as gates rather than hidden model inputs.

This section is in the full report.

Mitigations and stop rules

Reversible scope and explicit stops protect capital and safety.

Mitigations and stop rules

Trigger	Action	Owner
<250 matched active Grand Nokoué plug-ins	Do not launch fixed service cell; continue monitoring only.	EVS board
No compliant waste recipient or fire/insurer sign-off	Exclude traction-battery custody and pack work.	Country lead / HV lead
Fewer than 20 paid jobs in 90 days	Stop or revert to mobile diagnostics only.	Pilot manager
Rework >5% or any HV/fire event	Pause service, investigate and retrain; board restart approval.	Quality/HV lead
Base payback >3 years after twelve months	No standalone conversion.	Finance / board

<250 matched active Grand Nokoué plug-ins

Action: Do not launch fixed service cell; continue monitoring only.
Owner: EVS board

No compliant waste recipient or fire/insurer sign-off

Action: Exclude traction-battery custody and pack work.
Owner: Country lead / HV lead

Fewer than 20 paid jobs in 90 days

Action: Stop or revert to mobile diagnostics only.
Owner: Pilot manager

Rework >5% or any HV/fire event

Action: Pause service, investigate and retrain; board restart approval.
Owner: Quality/HV lead

Base payback >3 years after twelve months

Action: No standalone conversion.
Owner: Finance / board

32In the full report

90-day entry plan

The work programme closes evidence before fixed commitment.

This section is in the full report.

33In the full report

Explicit go / no-go gates

All gates must pass; one material failure stops launch.

This section is in the full report.

Methodology

Evidence precedence, definitions, assumptions and validation are auditable.

Methodology

Step	Method
Define market	Passenger/light-commercial BEV and PHEV only for four-wheel TAM; exclude HEV, motorcycles, dealer inventory and announcements.
Prioritise evidence	Official/primary sources first; corporate evidence for launches; secondary ANaTT quote only where official aggregate unavailable.
Reconcile definitions	Separate database records, active stock, sales, brand presence, projects, targets, charger connectors and swap stations.
Size opportunity	Current TAM null; gate SAM uses explicit assumptions; executable SOM zero.
Forecast	Three static-base 2030 sensitivities; no stock accumulation, scrappage, used imports or policy effect claimed.
Economics	Nominal XOF, VAT-exclusive, pre-tax, no finance or incentive benefit; simple payback only when EBITDA positive.
Validation	Reparse JSON; root/schema/brand/source/citation/calculation/residue checks; duplicate search before Library create.

Define market

Method: Passenger/light-commercial BEV and PHEV only for four-wheel TAM; exclude HEV, motorcycles, dealer inventory and announcements.

Prioritise evidence

Method: Official/primary sources first; corporate evidence for launches; secondary ANaTT quote only where official aggregate unavailable.

Reconcile definitions

Method: Separate database records, active stock, sales, brand presence, projects, targets, charger connectors and swap stations.

Size opportunity

Method: Current TAM null; gate SAM uses explicit assumptions; executable SOM zero.

Forecast

Method: Three static-base 2030 sensitivities; no stock accumulation, scrappage, used imports or policy effect claimed.

Economics

Method: Nominal XOF, VAT-exclusive, pre-tax, no finance or incentive benefit; simple payback only when EBITDA positive.

Validation

Method: Reparse JSON; root/schema/brand/source/citation/calculation/residue checks; duplicate search before Library create.

Evidence gaps and closure plan

Missing data is recorded with a specific closure action.

Evidence gaps and closure plan

Gap	Impact	Closure
Annual BEV/PHEV new registrations by class	Cannot build adoption history or flow forecast.	ANaTT/customs extract with propulsion/class/year.
Active passenger/LCV plug-in stock by commune	Current TAM/SAM cannot be measured.	Matched active registration/VIN extract.
Used/parallel-import plug-in flows and age	Out-of-warranty demand unknown.	Customs/ANaTT VIN and first-registration data.
Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors	Charging coverage and partner mapping unknown.	Operator list plus physical audit including connector/power/status/access.
Country-specific e-motorcycle and swap-station count	Adjacent market cannot be sized.	Spiro/operator/regulator dated Benin-only extract.
Independent workshop EV capability/count	Competitive density unknown.	Field audit.
Vehicle-parc age distribution	Service intensity/out-of-warranty share unknown.	ANaTT age bands by class/propulsion.
Site power quality and cost	Equipment and uptime plan unresolved.	Engineer/logger test and tariff/billing records.

Annual BEV/PHEV new registrations by class

Impact: Cannot build adoption history or flow forecast.
Closure: ANaTT/customs extract with propulsion/class/year.

Active passenger/LCV plug-in stock by commune

Impact: Current TAM/SAM cannot be measured.
Closure: Matched active registration/VIN extract.

Used/parallel-import plug-in flows and age

Impact: Out-of-warranty demand unknown.
Closure: Customs/ANaTT VIN and first-registration data.

Commissioned public passenger-EV connectors

Impact: Charging coverage and partner mapping unknown.
Closure: Operator list plus physical audit including connector/power/status/access.

Country-specific e-motorcycle and swap-station count

Impact: Adjacent market cannot be sized.
Closure: Spiro/operator/regulator dated Benin-only extract.

Independent workshop EV capability/count

Impact: Competitive density unknown.
Closure: Field audit.

Vehicle-parc age distribution

Impact: Service intensity/out-of-warranty share unknown.
Closure: ANaTT age bands by class/propulsion.

Site power quality and cost

Impact: Equipment and uptime plan unresolved.
Closure: Engineer/logger test and tariff/billing records.

Complete linked source register

Every source records publisher, publication date where available and access date.

Complete linked source register

Source Id	Publisher	Publication Date	Accessed At	Href	Role
anatt_parc	Banouto / ANaTT interview	2025-01-17	2026-08-11	https://banouto.bj/investigation-reportages/article/20250117-plateforme-securoute-au-benin-une-revolution-dans-le-secteur-automobile	Secondary report quoting an ANaTT platform analyst: 323,602 four-wheel vehicles in the database on 14 January 2025; 223,302 had SECUROUTE stickers. Database/compliance counts are not an active-parc or propulsion split.
securoute	Agence nationale des Transports terrestres	—	2026-08-11	https://securoute.anatt.bj/	Official vehicle-park management and compliance platform. No public aggregate propulsion split was located.
byd_entry	BYD	2025-04-24	2026-08-11	https://www.byd.com/sc/news-list/byd-officially-enters-the-benin-market	BYD and CFAO Mobility launched ATTO 3 and DOLPHIN and inaugurated a Cotonou showroom and after-sales centre. No sales or registration volume is stated.
cfao_byd	CFAO Group	2025-04-24	2026-08-11	https://www.cfaogroup.com/en/cfao-mobility-launches-byd-electric-vehicles-in-benin/	Corporate corroboration of the BYD launch; no stock or sales denominator.
byd_directory	BYD	—	2026-08-11	https://www.byd.international/car-dealer/showroom-byd-by-cfao-mobility	Official dealer-directory evidence of Cotonou presence; not a market-volume source.
worldbank_nokoue	World Bank	2025-05-20	2026-08-11	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/05/20/benin-developing-a-safe-reliable-and-less-polluting-public-transport-system-in-grand-nokou	US$200m IDA project across Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Sèmè-Podji, Abomey-Calavi and Ouidah; project objectives include electric-motorcycle renewal and enabling electric buses/boats. Objectives are not commissioned fleet counts.
guarantco_spiro	GuarantCo	2023-08-01	2026-08-11	https://guarantco.com/our-portfolio/spiro/	Combined Benin/Togo financing and deployment programme: XOF37.8bn financing, XOF21bn guarantee, targets for motorcycles, batteries and swap stations. Combined-country targets are not current Benin counts.
guarantco_news	GuarantCo	2023-08-01	2026-08-11	https://guarantco.com/news/guarantco-and-societe-generale-will-provide-an-up-to-xof-37-8-billion-c-usd-63-million-financing-solution-to-finance-spiros-fleet-of-electric-motorbikes-in-benin-and-togo/	Transaction release; includes a combined Benin/Togo motorcycle-taxi context. Kept outside passenger/LCV sizing.
budget_2025	Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin	2024-10-01	2026-08-11	https://budgetbenin.bj/discours-du-ministre-de-leconomie-et-des-finances-ministre-detat-aux-citoyens-suite-a-la-transmission-a-lassemblee-nationale-du-projet-de-loi-de-finances-pour-la-gestion-20/	Official summary says new vehicles imported or manufactured in Benin are exempt and extends the electric-motorcycle measure to helmets. Exact taxes, tariff headings and eligibility require signed-law confirmation.
budget_2026_speech	Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin	2025-10-01	2026-08-11	https://budgetbenin.bj/discours-du-ministre-de-leconomie-et-des-finances-ministre-detat-aux-citoyens-suite-a-la-transmission-a-lassemblee-nationale-du-projet-de-loi-de-finances-pour-la-gestion-2026/	Official summary says the new-vehicle exemption continues. It is not described as passenger-BEV-exclusive.
budget_2026_law	Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin	2025-12-08	2026-08-11	https://budgetbenin.bj/loi-de-finances-gestion-2026/	Official landing page for Law 2025-22. Obtain signed text and customs ruling before pricing.
assembly_2026	National Assembly of Benin	2025-12-04	2026-08-11	https://assemblee-nationale.bj/index.php/2025/12/04/assemblee-nationale-la-loi-de-finances-gestion-2026-adoptee-a-lunanimite-des-deputes/	Official adoption notice; reports a XOF3,783.984bn budget, up 6.6%.
budget_2023	Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin	2022-10-01	2026-08-11	https://budgetbenin.bj/discours-du-ministre-de-leconomie-et-des-finances-aux-citoyens-suite-a-la-transmission-a-lassemblee-nationale-du-projet-de-loi-de-finances-pour-la-gestion-2023/	Historical evidence of public-transport vehicle and new-passenger-car tax treatment; not relied on for current 2026 pricing.
investment_code	Benin Customs	2020-03-20	2026-08-11	https://douanes.gouv.bj/loi-n2020-02-du-20-mars-2020-portant-code-des-investissements-en-republique-du-benin/	Official law route. Written APIEx eligibility and approval control.
investment_summary	APIEx / InvestBenin	—	2026-08-11	https://investbenin.bj/invest/invest-code	Official promotion summary: regime A XOF50m–1bn, B XOF1bn–50bn and C above XOF50bn; sectoral route covers priority sectors. No pilot benefit assumed.
business_creation	National Public Services Portal, Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://www.service-public.bj/public/services/service/PS00062	Official service page gives a three-hour target and XOF10,000 establishment/XOF17,000 company fee, with RCCM, IFU and relevant cards. Verify current service result and sector permits.
pkf_tax	PKF Smith Cooper	2025-11-01	2026-08-11	https://www.pkfsmithcooper.com/news-insights/worldwide-tax-guide-2025-26/	Professional cross-border guide used only as an indicative tax snapshot; local written advice controls.
uggc_tax	UGGC Africa	2026-07-01	2026-08-11	https://uggcafrica.com/investing-in-benin-ohada/	Professional summary cites 30% standard CIT, 25% industrial CIT and 18% VAT. Service-centre classification and current filings require counsel/accountant confirmation.
cnss_rates	CNSS Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://cnss.bj/procedure-de-recouvrement-des-cotisations/	Official rates: family benefits 9% employer, occupational risk 1–4% employer, pension 10% split 6.4% employer/3.6% employee; payroll base and current classification require CNSS confirmation.
cnss_payments	CNSS Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://cnss.bj/declaration-et-paiement/	Official timing: monthly for 20+ workers and quarterly below 20; due within 15 days after period.
cnss_control	CNSS Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://cnss.bj/controle-des-employeurs/	Official evidence of employer registration, worker affiliation and contribution audit obligations.
labour_code	Ministry of Labour and Public Service, Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://travail.gouv.bj/document/officiels	Official route to the Labour Code and implementing rules. Counsel must confirm contracts, hours, dismissal, apprentices and foreign-worker permits.
osh_government	Ministry of Labour and Public Service, Benin	2025-10-21	2026-08-11	https://travail.gouv.bj/page/actualites/securite-et-sante-au-travail-la-cnsst-renforce-son-engagement-pour-un-benin-meilleur	Official evidence of active OSH policy and prevention focus; not an EV/HV credential.
apdp	Personal Data Protection Authority, Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://service.apdp.bj/mise_en_conformite/politique_de_confidentialite	Official compliance route under the Digital Code, including preliminary formalities and data-subject rights.
apdp_mission	Personal Data Protection Authority, Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://archive.apdp.bj/mot-du-president/	APDP created under Law 2017-20, amended by Law 2020-35; confirms regulator remit.
abe_cces	Benin Environment Agency	—	2026-08-11	https://abe.bj/eservices/	Official project categorisation and CCES route; necessity depends on ABE screening.
abe_audit	Benin Environment Agency	—	2026-08-11	https://abe.bj/eservices/certificat-de-conformite-environnementale-et-sociale-de-laudit-environnementale-et-sociale-de-mise-en-conformite/	Official operating-activity audit route under the framework law and Decree 2022-390.
e_waste_decree	Secretariat-General of Government, Benin	2025-07-02	2026-08-11	https://sgg.gouv.bj/documentheque/decrets/14/	Official decree listing. Battery classification and authorized recipient/carrier route require written ABE/customs advice.
basel_benin	Secretariat-General of Government, Benin	1994-08-11	2026-08-11	https://sgg.gouv.bj/documentheque/decrets/909/	Official government record of the instrument authorizing accession; current transboundary procedures must be confirmed with competent authorities.
ndc	UNFCCC / Government of Benin	2021-10-12	2026-08-11	https://unfccc.int/documents/497266	Official NDC registry entry; policy context only, not a vehicle-stock forecast.
sineb	Ministry of Energy, Water and Mines, Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://www.sineb.bj/	Official energy-information reference. No site-level workshop power-quality or uptime figure was inferred.
worldbank_power	World Bank	2026-03-19	2026-08-11	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2026/03/19/electricity-s-impact-in-benin-transforming-lives-pole-by-pole	Project reported 150,000 meters, 20,000 streetlights and connections for about 145,000 households, 2,789 small businesses and 451 public institutions. Not a workshop-quality test.
worldbank_outlook	World Bank	2025-06-25	2026-08-11	https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/benin/publication/benin-economic-outlook-2025-raising-domestic-revenue-mobilization-while-protecting-the-poor	Reports 2024 real growth of 7.5% and World Bank average projection of 7.1% for 2025–27.
imf_review	International Monetary Fund	2025-06-18	2026-08-11	https://www.imf.org/fr/news/articles/2025/06/18/pr-25207-benin-imf-executive-board-completes-6th-reviews-of-eff-and-ecf-and-3rd-review-of-the-rsf	Official programme and fiscal-policy context; not an EV-market input.
imf_report	International Monetary Fund	2025-07-01	2026-08-11	https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2025/185/article-A001-en.xml	IMF staff macro projections differ from government/World Bank vintages; planning should retain range and date.
budget_macro	Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin	2025-12-01	2026-08-11	https://budgetbenin.bj/rapport-economique-et-financier-de-la-loi-de-finances-gestion-2026/	Government macro assumptions: 7.5% growth in 2025 and 2026 and 2.7% fiscal deficit in 2026. Different source/vintage from IMF and World Bank.
worldbank_north	World Bank	2025-03-01	2026-08-11	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/03/01/strengthening-resilience-and-social-cohesion-and-reducing-the-vulnerability-of-refugees-in-northern-benin	Official evidence of fragility and displacement pressures in northern Benin; supports a reversible southern pilot rather than northern fixed capex.
worldbank_ccdr	World Bank	2023-12-06	2026-08-11	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/12/06/benin-can-create-opportunities-for-a-just-energy-transition-and-green-inclusive-growth-world-bank-report	Climate and energy-transition context; not a passenger-EV count.
customs	Directorate-General of Customs, Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://douanes.gouv.bj/	Official route for HS classification, duty/tax treatment, temporary admission, parts and battery movements.
journal	Government of Benin	—	2026-08-11	https://journalofficiel.gouv.bj/	Official route for controlling legal text and commencement dates.
anatt_freight	Government of Benin	2025-07-01	2026-08-11	https://www.gouv.bj/article/3251/transport-terrestre-anatt-devoile-lettre-voiture-electronique-sygfr/	Official freight-digitisation context; fleet operators and vehicles must be enrolled. Not an EV count.
iso_6469	ISO	2021-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.iso.org/standard/45477.html	International benchmark; national adoption and legal effect not assumed.
iso_17409	ISO	2020-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.iso.org/standard/68474.html	International benchmark; national adoption and legal effect not assumed.
iec_61851	IEC	2017-02-01	2026-08-11	https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/33644	International EVSE benchmark; local electrical approvals control.
un_r100	UNECE	2022-03-01	2026-08-11	https://unece.org/transport/documents/2022/03/standards/un-regulation-no-100-rev3	Vehicle electric-powertrain safety benchmark; Benin applicability requires confirmation.
un_tests	UNECE	—	2026-08-11	https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/rev8-files	Battery transport test framework; carrier/route approvals still required.
ilo_osh	International Labour Organization	2001-01-01	2026-08-11	https://www.ilo.org/resource/other/guidelines-occupational-safety-and-health-management-systems-ilo-osh-2001	Management-system benchmark; not a substitute for Benin labour/OSH law.
basel	Basel Convention Secretariat	—	2026-08-11	https://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1275/Default.aspx	International hazardous-waste movement framework; national competent-authority procedures control.
evs_model	EVS Worldwide	2026-08-11	2026-08-11	https://www.evsworldwide.com/	All explicitly labelled assumptions, thresholds, sensitivities and calculations are EVS decision inputs, not sourced market facts.

anatt_parc

Publisher: Banouto / ANaTT interview
Publication Date: 2025-01-17
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://banouto.bj/investigation-reportages/article/20250117-plateforme-securoute-au-benin-une-revolution-dans-le-secteur-automobile
Role: Secondary report quoting an ANaTT platform analyst: 323,602 four-wheel vehicles in the database on 14 January 2025; 223,302 had SECUROUTE stickers. Database/compliance counts are not an active-parc or propulsion split.

securoute

Publisher: Agence nationale des Transports terrestres
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://securoute.anatt.bj/
Role: Official vehicle-park management and compliance platform. No public aggregate propulsion split was located.

byd_entry

Publisher: BYD
Publication Date: 2025-04-24
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.byd.com/sc/news-list/byd-officially-enters-the-benin-market
Role: BYD and CFAO Mobility launched ATTO 3 and DOLPHIN and inaugurated a Cotonou showroom and after-sales centre. No sales or registration volume is stated.

cfao_byd

Publisher: CFAO Group
Publication Date: 2025-04-24
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.cfaogroup.com/en/cfao-mobility-launches-byd-electric-vehicles-in-benin/
Role: Corporate corroboration of the BYD launch; no stock or sales denominator.

byd_directory

Publisher: BYD
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.byd.international/car-dealer/showroom-byd-by-cfao-mobility
Role: Official dealer-directory evidence of Cotonou presence; not a market-volume source.

worldbank_nokoue

Publisher: World Bank
Publication Date: 2025-05-20
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/05/20/benin-developing-a-safe-reliable-and-less-polluting-public-transport-system-in-grand-nokou
Role: US$200m IDA project across Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Sèmè-Podji, Abomey-Calavi and Ouidah; project objectives include electric-motorcycle renewal and enabling electric buses/boats. Objectives are not commissioned fleet counts.

guarantco_spiro

Publisher: GuarantCo
Publication Date: 2023-08-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://guarantco.com/our-portfolio/spiro/
Role: Combined Benin/Togo financing and deployment programme: XOF37.8bn financing, XOF21bn guarantee, targets for motorcycles, batteries and swap stations. Combined-country targets are not current Benin counts.

guarantco_news

Publisher: GuarantCo
Publication Date: 2023-08-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://guarantco.com/news/guarantco-and-societe-generale-will-provide-an-up-to-xof-37-8-billion-c-usd-63-million-financing-solution-to-finance-spiros-fleet-of-electric-motorbikes-in-benin-and-togo/
Role: Transaction release; includes a combined Benin/Togo motorcycle-taxi context. Kept outside passenger/LCV sizing.

budget_2025

Publisher: Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin
Publication Date: 2024-10-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://budgetbenin.bj/discours-du-ministre-de-leconomie-et-des-finances-ministre-detat-aux-citoyens-suite-a-la-transmission-a-lassemblee-nationale-du-projet-de-loi-de-finances-pour-la-gestion-20/
Role: Official summary says new vehicles imported or manufactured in Benin are exempt and extends the electric-motorcycle measure to helmets. Exact taxes, tariff headings and eligibility require signed-law confirmation.

budget_2026_speech

Publisher: Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin
Publication Date: 2025-10-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://budgetbenin.bj/discours-du-ministre-de-leconomie-et-des-finances-ministre-detat-aux-citoyens-suite-a-la-transmission-a-lassemblee-nationale-du-projet-de-loi-de-finances-pour-la-gestion-2026/
Role: Official summary says the new-vehicle exemption continues. It is not described as passenger-BEV-exclusive.

budget_2026_law

Publisher: Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin
Publication Date: 2025-12-08
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://budgetbenin.bj/loi-de-finances-gestion-2026/
Role: Official landing page for Law 2025-22. Obtain signed text and customs ruling before pricing.

assembly_2026

Publisher: National Assembly of Benin
Publication Date: 2025-12-04
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://assemblee-nationale.bj/index.php/2025/12/04/assemblee-nationale-la-loi-de-finances-gestion-2026-adoptee-a-lunanimite-des-deputes/
Role: Official adoption notice; reports a XOF3,783.984bn budget, up 6.6%.

budget_2023

Publisher: Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin
Publication Date: 2022-10-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://budgetbenin.bj/discours-du-ministre-de-leconomie-et-des-finances-aux-citoyens-suite-a-la-transmission-a-lassemblee-nationale-du-projet-de-loi-de-finances-pour-la-gestion-2023/
Role: Historical evidence of public-transport vehicle and new-passenger-car tax treatment; not relied on for current 2026 pricing.

investment_code

Publisher: Benin Customs
Publication Date: 2020-03-20
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://douanes.gouv.bj/loi-n2020-02-du-20-mars-2020-portant-code-des-investissements-en-republique-du-benin/
Role: Official law route. Written APIEx eligibility and approval control.

investment_summary

Publisher: APIEx / InvestBenin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://investbenin.bj/invest/invest-code
Role: Official promotion summary: regime A XOF50m–1bn, B XOF1bn–50bn and C above XOF50bn; sectoral route covers priority sectors. No pilot benefit assumed.

business_creation

Publisher: National Public Services Portal, Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.service-public.bj/public/services/service/PS00062
Role: Official service page gives a three-hour target and XOF10,000 establishment/XOF17,000 company fee, with RCCM, IFU and relevant cards. Verify current service result and sector permits.

pkf_tax

Publisher: PKF Smith Cooper
Publication Date: 2025-11-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.pkfsmithcooper.com/news-insights/worldwide-tax-guide-2025-26/
Role: Professional cross-border guide used only as an indicative tax snapshot; local written advice controls.

uggc_tax

Publisher: UGGC Africa
Publication Date: 2026-07-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://uggcafrica.com/investing-in-benin-ohada/
Role: Professional summary cites 30% standard CIT, 25% industrial CIT and 18% VAT. Service-centre classification and current filings require counsel/accountant confirmation.

cnss_rates

Publisher: CNSS Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://cnss.bj/procedure-de-recouvrement-des-cotisations/
Role: Official rates: family benefits 9% employer, occupational risk 1–4% employer, pension 10% split 6.4% employer/3.6% employee; payroll base and current classification require CNSS confirmation.

cnss_payments

Publisher: CNSS Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://cnss.bj/declaration-et-paiement/
Role: Official timing: monthly for 20+ workers and quarterly below 20; due within 15 days after period.

cnss_control

Publisher: CNSS Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://cnss.bj/controle-des-employeurs/
Role: Official evidence of employer registration, worker affiliation and contribution audit obligations.

labour_code

Publisher: Ministry of Labour and Public Service, Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://travail.gouv.bj/document/officiels
Role: Official route to the Labour Code and implementing rules. Counsel must confirm contracts, hours, dismissal, apprentices and foreign-worker permits.

osh_government

Publisher: Ministry of Labour and Public Service, Benin
Publication Date: 2025-10-21
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://travail.gouv.bj/page/actualites/securite-et-sante-au-travail-la-cnsst-renforce-son-engagement-pour-un-benin-meilleur
Role: Official evidence of active OSH policy and prevention focus; not an EV/HV credential.

apdp

Publisher: Personal Data Protection Authority, Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://service.apdp.bj/mise_en_conformite/politique_de_confidentialite
Role: Official compliance route under the Digital Code, including preliminary formalities and data-subject rights.

apdp_mission

Publisher: Personal Data Protection Authority, Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://archive.apdp.bj/mot-du-president/
Role: APDP created under Law 2017-20, amended by Law 2020-35; confirms regulator remit.

abe_cces

Publisher: Benin Environment Agency
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://abe.bj/eservices/
Role: Official project categorisation and CCES route; necessity depends on ABE screening.

abe_audit

Publisher: Benin Environment Agency
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://abe.bj/eservices/certificat-de-conformite-environnementale-et-sociale-de-laudit-environnementale-et-sociale-de-mise-en-conformite/
Role: Official operating-activity audit route under the framework law and Decree 2022-390.

e_waste_decree

Publisher: Secretariat-General of Government, Benin
Publication Date: 2025-07-02
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://sgg.gouv.bj/documentheque/decrets/14/
Role: Official decree listing. Battery classification and authorized recipient/carrier route require written ABE/customs advice.

basel_benin

Publisher: Secretariat-General of Government, Benin
Publication Date: 1994-08-11
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://sgg.gouv.bj/documentheque/decrets/909/
Role: Official government record of the instrument authorizing accession; current transboundary procedures must be confirmed with competent authorities.

ndc

Publisher: UNFCCC / Government of Benin
Publication Date: 2021-10-12
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://unfccc.int/documents/497266
Role: Official NDC registry entry; policy context only, not a vehicle-stock forecast.

sineb

Publisher: Ministry of Energy, Water and Mines, Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.sineb.bj/
Role: Official energy-information reference. No site-level workshop power-quality or uptime figure was inferred.

worldbank_power

Publisher: World Bank
Publication Date: 2026-03-19
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2026/03/19/electricity-s-impact-in-benin-transforming-lives-pole-by-pole
Role: Project reported 150,000 meters, 20,000 streetlights and connections for about 145,000 households, 2,789 small businesses and 451 public institutions. Not a workshop-quality test.

worldbank_outlook

Publisher: World Bank
Publication Date: 2025-06-25
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/benin/publication/benin-economic-outlook-2025-raising-domestic-revenue-mobilization-while-protecting-the-poor
Role: Reports 2024 real growth of 7.5% and World Bank average projection of 7.1% for 2025–27.

imf_review

Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Publication Date: 2025-06-18
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.imf.org/fr/news/articles/2025/06/18/pr-25207-benin-imf-executive-board-completes-6th-reviews-of-eff-and-ecf-and-3rd-review-of-the-rsf
Role: Official programme and fiscal-policy context; not an EV-market input.

imf_report

Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Publication Date: 2025-07-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2025/185/article-A001-en.xml
Role: IMF staff macro projections differ from government/World Bank vintages; planning should retain range and date.

budget_macro

Publisher: Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin
Publication Date: 2025-12-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://budgetbenin.bj/rapport-economique-et-financier-de-la-loi-de-finances-gestion-2026/
Role: Government macro assumptions: 7.5% growth in 2025 and 2026 and 2.7% fiscal deficit in 2026. Different source/vintage from IMF and World Bank.

worldbank_north

Publisher: World Bank
Publication Date: 2025-03-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/03/01/strengthening-resilience-and-social-cohesion-and-reducing-the-vulnerability-of-refugees-in-northern-benin
Role: Official evidence of fragility and displacement pressures in northern Benin; supports a reversible southern pilot rather than northern fixed capex.

worldbank_ccdr

Publisher: World Bank
Publication Date: 2023-12-06
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/12/06/benin-can-create-opportunities-for-a-just-energy-transition-and-green-inclusive-growth-world-bank-report
Role: Climate and energy-transition context; not a passenger-EV count.

customs

Publisher: Directorate-General of Customs, Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://douanes.gouv.bj/
Role: Official route for HS classification, duty/tax treatment, temporary admission, parts and battery movements.

journal

Publisher: Government of Benin
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://journalofficiel.gouv.bj/
Role: Official route for controlling legal text and commencement dates.

anatt_freight

Publisher: Government of Benin
Publication Date: 2025-07-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.gouv.bj/article/3251/transport-terrestre-anatt-devoile-lettre-voiture-electronique-sygfr/
Role: Official freight-digitisation context; fleet operators and vehicles must be enrolled. Not an EV count.

iso_6469

Publisher: ISO
Publication Date: 2021-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.iso.org/standard/45477.html
Role: International benchmark; national adoption and legal effect not assumed.

iso_17409

Publisher: ISO
Publication Date: 2020-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.iso.org/standard/68474.html
Role: International benchmark; national adoption and legal effect not assumed.

iec_61851

Publisher: IEC
Publication Date: 2017-02-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/33644
Role: International EVSE benchmark; local electrical approvals control.

un_r100

Publisher: UNECE
Publication Date: 2022-03-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://unece.org/transport/documents/2022/03/standards/un-regulation-no-100-rev3
Role: Vehicle electric-powertrain safety benchmark; Benin applicability requires confirmation.

un_tests

Publisher: UNECE
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/rev8-files
Role: Battery transport test framework; carrier/route approvals still required.

ilo_osh

Publisher: International Labour Organization
Publication Date: 2001-01-01
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.ilo.org/resource/other/guidelines-occupational-safety-and-health-management-systems-ilo-osh-2001
Role: Management-system benchmark; not a substitute for Benin labour/OSH law.

basel

Publisher: Basel Convention Secretariat
Publication Date: —
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1275/Default.aspx
Role: International hazardous-waste movement framework; national competent-authority procedures control.

evs_model

Publisher: EVS Worldwide
Publication Date: 2026-08-11
Accessed At: 2026-08-11
Href: https://www.evsworldwide.com/
Role: All explicitly labelled assumptions, thresholds, sensitivities and calculations are EVS decision inputs, not sourced market facts.

Method / Sources and confidence

Where every figure
comes from.

Registrations, charging and legal requirements are read from primary sources. Where no official dataset exists, the model and its assumptions are published instead of a single unexplained number. This report is a dated snapshot: August 2026.

Reports are commercial research, not legal, tax or investment advice.

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